Procurement Auctions for Differentiated Goods

We consider two mechanisms to procure differentiated goods: a request for quote and an English auction with bidding credits. In the request for quote, each seller submits a price and the inherent quality of his good. Then the buyer selects the seller who offers the greatest difference in quality and price. In the English auction with bidding credits, the buyer assigns a bidding credit to each seller conditional upon the quality of the seller’s good. Then the sellers compete in an English auction with the winner receiving the auction price and his bidding credit. Game theoretic models predict the request for quote is socially efficient but the English auction with bidding credits is not. The optimal bidding credit assignment under compensates for quality advantages, creating a market distortion in which the buyer captures surplus at the expense of the seller’s profit and social efficiency. In experiments, the request for quote is less efficient than the English auctions with bidding credits. Moreover, both the buyer and seller receive more surplus in the English auction with bidding credits.

Procurement Auctions for Differentiated Goods

We consider two mechanisms to procure differentiated goods: a request for quote and an English auction with bidding credits. In the request for quote, each seller submits a price and the inherent quality of his good. Then the buyer selects the seller who offers the greatest difference in quality and price. In the English auction with bidding credits, the buyer assigns a bidding credit to each seller conditional upon the quality of the seller’s good. Then the sellers compete in an English auction with the winner receiving the auction price and his bidding credit. Game theoretic models predict the request for quote is socially efficient but the English auction with bidding credits is not. The optimal bidding credit assignment under compensates for quality advantages, creating a market distortion in which the buyer captures surplus at the expense of the seller’s profit and social efficiency. In experiments, the request for quote is less efficient than the English auctions with bidding credits. Moreover, both the buyer and seller receive more surplus in the English auction with bidding creditsAuctions, Product Differentiation, Experiment

Iraqi Learners’ Problems in Learning Speech Act of Request in EFL Classroom

Presently, the control to master the English language has become prominent in academia, research and commercial attention. Therefore, many non-English speaking countries, including Arab countries such as Iraq, are striving to develop their education systems in teaching pragmatic aspects as speech act of request in classroom, and speech act of request is an essential aspect to boost English communication among Arab learners. Furthermore, in Arab countries as in Iraq, there is a lack of usage of speech act of request among students of English as a foreign language which affects the learning process of students. As such, teaching pragmatic aspect, particularly teaching speech act of requests, are emerging as the best way to create enthusiasm in learning new languages. Therefore, the paper was presented by a public syllabus lead that prioritizes the need for English learners to improve their ability to utilize speech act of request positively in social and cultural communications. Moreover, Many English learners fail to present pragmatic ability on how to understand speech act of request by relating utterances to their meanings, knowing the intention of language users, and how speech act of request is utilized in definite contexts. There is growing material of researches on usage of speech act of request for EFL schoolroom teaching. However, researchers have pointed to concentrate on the traditional approaches rather than how English learners require or understand how make speech act of request for developing the students' production of request in the EFL schoolroom. The usage of speech act of request and methods of teaching English to these Iraqi learners have been discussed in details of the current paper. Keywords: Usage of Speech Act of Request, Iraqi Learners’ Problems. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/10-4-0

Requests On E-Mail: a Cross-Cultural Comparison

This study investigates differences in request e-mails written in English by Chinese English learners and native American English speakers The results show that while Chinese English learners treat e-mail communications like either formal letters or telephone conversations, native American English speakers regard e-mail communications as closer to written memos It was also found that although the native American English speakers structure their e-mail request messages in a rather direct sequence, the linguistic forms they employ to express their requests are more indirect In contrast, the Chinese English learners structure their request messages in an indirect sequence, but the linguistic forms they use to realize their requests are more direct Given this contrast, it is not surprising that some of the request samples written by Chinese English learners were judged as very impolite by the native English speaking evaluators in this study The findings of this study thus demonstrate the importance of studying requests within the overall discourse in which they occur. Studying only the linguistic forms used in phrasing the request itself, as in the studies conducted by Blum-Kulka et al (1989), cannot provide us with a full picture of the cultural differences inherent in making requestsPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69055/2/10.1177_003368829802900206.pd

Procurement Auctions for Differentiated Goods

We consider two mechanisms to procure differentiated goods: a request for quote and an English auction with bidding credits. In the request for quote, each seller submits a price and the inherent quality of his good. Then the buyer selects the seller who offers the greatest difference in quality and price. In the English auction with bidding credits, the buyer assigns a bidding credit to each seller conditional upon the quality of the seller’s good. Then the sellers compete in an English auction with the winner receiving the auction price and his bidding credit. Game theoretic models predict the request for quote is socially efficient but the English auction with bidding credits is not. The optimal bidding credit assignment under compensates for quality advantages, creating a market distortion in which the buyer captures surplus at the expense of the seller’s profit and social efficiency. In experiments, the request for quote is less efficient than the English auctions with bidding credits. Moreover, both the buyer and seller receive more surplus in the English auction with bidding credits

Request Expression Used By The English Department Students

In this research, the researcher wants to know what are the forms and what is the request strategy that frequently used by the English department students. The objectives of this research were to know and describe the form of request expressions used by the English department students, and also to find out what is the request strategy they used. The design of this research was descriptive method. The data were collected by using the cards, and the samples expressed the instruction based on the cards. The data were analyzed based on the category framework of request strategies proposed by Blum-Kulka et al (1989). From the three categories of request strategies written by Blum-Kulka et.al (1989), Direct level, Conventionally Indirect Level, and Non-Conventionally Indirect level. The students only used the conventionally indirect level when they expressed the request to the hearer, there were ‘can', ‘could', and ‘would' that involves in query preparatory. From the result of this research, the researcher can conclude that there are some forms of request expression that used by the English Department students, such as can you, could you, and would you. From the categories of request strategies written by Blum-Kulka et.al 1989, the students only used the conventionally indirect level when they expressed the request to the hearer, there are can, could, and would

Procurement Auctions for Differentiated Goods

We consider two mechanisms to procure differentiated goods: a request for quote and an English auction with bidding credits. In the request for quote, each seller submits a price and the inherent quality of his good. Then the buyer selects the seller who offers the greatest difference in quality and price. In the English auction with bidding credits, the buyer assigns a bidding credit to each seller conditional upon the quality of the seller’s good. Then the sellers compete in an English auction with the winner receiving the auction price and his bidding credit. Game theoretic models predict the request for quote is socially efficient but the English auction with bidding credits is not. The optimal bidding credit assignment under compensates for quality advantages, creating a market distortion in which the buyer captures surplus at the expense of the seller’s profit and social efficiency. In experiments, the request for quote is less efficient than the English auctions with bidding credits. Moreover, both the buyer and seller receive more surplus in the English auction with bidding credits

Pragmatic Competence in Requests : A Case of Thai English Teachers

This research describes the use of request strategies in influenced by differences of social status (S) and social distance (D) by Thai English teachers. This involved descriptive qualitative research in which the research participants were fourteen Thai English teachers,they were teachers in school who have teaching English at junior and senior high school. The data were spoken utterances of request strategies elicited though Discourse Completion Test (DCT) scenarios. The subjects were taken using the technique of proporsional random sampling comprising seven male and seven female participants. The research findings showed that Thai English teachers tended to express ability when they made requests. Social Status (S), difference than social distance (D), tended to influence the strategies of request

The Effect of Gender on the Bilingual and Bicultural Identity of the Iraqi EFL Learners' Recognition and Production of Request

This study examines the effect of gender on students' bilingual and bicultural identity in their recognition and production of request is studied. This means that it investigates to what extent the learners’ mother tongue and culture influence their recognition and production of request in the EFL and the effect of gender on such an identity. The study aims at exploring and identifying the linguistic patterns of request in English used by Iraqi EFL learners, those patterns of request transferred from Iraqi EFL learners’ mother tongue, and the Iraqi EFL learners’ cultural patterns and cultural realization of request transferred from Arabic culture into the EFL. Some hypotheses of the study state that there is a bilingual and cultural identity in using request by Iraqi EFL learners, females are better than males in request perception and production and they are worse in Arabic monolingualism and monoculturalism, students are better in English monolingualism and monoculturalism than in the other request features, students’ English monolingual and monocultural identity is more apparent in request perception than in production. To validate or refute its hypotheses, a test comprising recognition and production has been constructed and applied to fifty Iraqi EFL learners at fourth year, Department of English, College of Education for Humanities, University of Thi-Qar at the academic year (2020-2021). After data analysis, some conclusions are arrived at. The study concludes that Iraqi EFL learners are pragmatically incompetent and they have a bilingual and bicultural identity because of their mother tongue and culture interference

Legal interpreters in the news in Ireland

This article consists of a review of court reports from national and provincial newspapers in Ireland from 2003 to 1st August 2010. The reports provide an insight into the attitudes of judges, lawyers and police officers to defendants who are not proficient in English. The issue of defendants’ proficiency in English is a recurrent one. Coverage suggests that interpreters are not always provided in police stations or in the courts and that some judges continue to allow friends and family members to act as interpreters. Meanwhile, some solicitors consistently request interpreters for their clients. Other salient issues are cost, interpreter competency and interpreter ethics